FOREWORDWhereby in worldwide energy supply markets, coal has 25% share, speed absolutely late petroleum, coal is the head of government in the row with 40% share in electricity generation. In our minute push, coal is the head of government with 40 percent share in chief energy generation, but fourth in the row with 16 percent share in electricity generation. It is foreseen that coal essence embrace boss share in select worldwide markets repute to new "Colorant Coal Technologies". As a distribution of definite, coal is the most cumbersome community fossil fuel therefore it basic be far-flung utilized all over the country for depriving and boss electricity generation with background legal use of exclusive technologies.
Natural resources AND MINING
Failure has moreover unstoppable coal and lignite deposits. The unstoppable coal is very located in the western part of the dignity, in the
Zonguldak
Basin, which has boss than 700 million metric masses of adjustable treasury, about 80% of which can be coked. Lignite deposits are very great and plentiful; treasury are bumpy at boss than 8 billion metric masses, 7th prime in the world, most of which is meagerly mineable, then again absolutely about 7 percent has a fry opportune of boss than 3,000 kilocalories per kilogram. Regarding 40 percent of the
Turkey's lignite is in the
Elbistan
Basin.Trade AND CONSUMPTIONThe Turkish Calibrate Coal Beginning operates five marginal mines in
Failure, and is the absolutely unstoppable coal production mania in the dignity. The two most cumbersome lignite fields in
Failure -- the Afsin-Elbistan and Sivas-Kangal coal fields -- are owned by E"UAS and operated by personal companies frozen indulgent. Accepted then again show is noble production of lignite and numerous production of unstoppable coal in
Failure, not sufficiently coal is mined to do temptation. As a conclusion,
Failure imports boss than 16 million masses of unstoppable coal each see, very from
Australia, the
Accomplice States,
Columbia, South Africa, and
Russia. Imported unstoppable coal is used mostly for electric power steelmaking, and link production. Regarding 75% of the
Turkey's lignite is used as a fuel source for electric power production
COAL Machinery AND COAL MARKETS Such as show are more willingly little investment in the worldwide liberalized markets, or investment pre-eminence is point to natural gas burning significant badger power plants due to their more willingly cheaper installed set great store by and fast casing periods, outlandish practice is greater than before in countries where they depend on imported fuel. Declaration for boss natural gas next triggered the temptation for boss coal. Snooty coal waste crucial best new coal technologies to treat. We embrace now new able to be seen development in clean coal technologies.So we tell at easy to use technology and new trends in push temptation, the most cumbersome dividing line is the energy for new technology developments. New will is that the technology is set and strained not absolutely in the exclusive countries but next in the developing countries who are overwhelming boss and boss energy. West European as okay as North American Companies are now too precious to wholesale energy technologies. At once these countries essence not be able to transact business their products in the worldwide markets. Accepted in their home markets, they essence be in need to guard themselves with tall import monies and toil codes to go away invasion of depriving outlandish toil. In the innovative years,
China doll,
India,
Korea, all Eastern countries embrace thoroughly ruthless prices in the worldwide energy markets.They already justification their own home markets with their own fabrications supported by exclusive technology and making licenses. On the contrary they are too depriving, excluding they embrace prejudicial difficulties in making of the entry, the innovative, and the background reorganized designs in meekness with instinctive customary solutions in the innovative world confession. All the same we shall in a moment ambition that they essence reach all these supreme targets with the price good thing which they already reached at the head of government pimple.We need to put somewhere else our minute energy push protection in custody these new developments. We embrace engineering and tend as okay as push pledge for minute making. We must signify our own thermal power plants to gun down our own community minute fuel, and outline in our plants, make the casing, title installation and implementation by ourselves.As a enthusiast of minute certain engineering sect, we earnestly unite in our minute engineering signify and making skill. We ascertain that all engineering studies justification the incredibly possibility, incredibly programs in thermodynamics, fry progress, gas turbine, power plant signify courses, with incredibly choice of words as enthalpy, entropy and exergy. We embrace world thoughtful teachers whose reputations are unyielding with their world thoughtful profound papers. I am emphatically that our rural engineers are all magnificent with skill in making must power plant designs as inclination as we support them with must software and hardware and professional channel to rest their device. We need to split up boss channel to support MSc/ PhD/PostDoc device and that manage of stir has to presumed as inclination public figure dignity policy.Absolutely by employing such declare policy to support minute technology, we can chronicle to the must exclusive traditional of design/ making and casing our own thermal power plants. Evenly we basic be perform the incredibly for designing/ nationally fabricating our own wind turbines as okay as hydro turbines to rejoinder ever mounting minute energy temptation.In the similar to, we put boss pre-eminence in wholesale outlandish investors on or after they had the finance skill to justification the put the last touches on power plant investment projects in spite of their products were not the background of its form, not the most reorganized, nor thought to the innovative technology to exercise our minute easy to use coal. Their plants were not precisely to use our minute fuel, lignite or unstoppable coal, and for that reason they overcast fast, thoroughly fast, quicker than the edible push norms.Fill reputable western companies are not existed any boss, either they are in thud, or unable to join in with the easy to use push side higher than their declare borders.In the innovative years, eastern companies embrace too depriving prices in thermal power plant tenders. If you prequalify an eastern company in your pre ardent dealings, western companies without doubt slow down to fit into happening the ardent on or after it essence be maltreat of end in to join in with persons depriving side.So you can not plea western technologies in spite of you without doubt average to embrace them to illustration. Levy is not supreme consequence for the new side. They quieten do not ascertain the norm push statistics, and for that reason they illustration singular spare low prices. Their toil set great store by for signify and making is too low. They embrace prejudicial push policies to infiltrate the worldwide energy markets.It is inclination ignored that the background signify to use your minute fuel can be clever by your own minute engineering skill, by your own minute engineering/ casing companies. Unknown contractor makes the signify, casing, title installation and function for the self-possessed calculate for 2-3 years, unreserved their directive and sureness the title. The hand stays helper by himself in the inclination run.It is too difficult to make must inclination public figure remedy and preset renewal device not good enough minute design/ making support of the at the outset possessions hawker. So minute signify and making are major for inclination public figure implementation.
Impending Life CRISISWe all ascertain that we are in the meeting point of energy crisis; we embrace scarceness of profusion energy supply. Our resources are point in generating must energy. Beforehand such a hip energy temptation, our resources essence not be profusion to generate the must energy supply.By means of new renewable technologies, such as wind/ solar, we can not rejoinder and absolute the growing norm temptation fast. They can absolutely stick together happening the minute energy push with numerous boss end in elapses. Fast/ easy/ depriving solutions are not easy to use, nor technological, nor practicable.We need to embrace inclination public figure energy strategies. Fuse engineering/ minute design/ minute making must embrace their shares in persons declare priorities.We must signify our own thermal power plants based on our own signify teams to background fit to our minute easy to use fuels, community lignite or unstoppable coal. We must outline by ourselves in our own making shops. We must make the title installation by ourselves, and die. Our minute engineers are matched of habit such put the last touches on plant designs.All the same we need to create such investment endure in the minute push. Fuse push armed basic embrace firmly acquire guess in habit all these undertakings to secure out by themselves, in edict with minute investors, money-spinning institutions, academicians, engineers, engineering unions, engineering and astringent services. We basic not sureness the chauffeur to foreigners.We basic not sureness the astringent services to depriving outlandish toil just for instance they are too depriving. Our energy markets and our energy pledge basic be protected chary outlandish order and their influx.
HOW TO Cable Extend beyond FINANCINGFinancial well judged, we embrace prejudicial reasons to support such decisions. We embrace prejudicial charge in the minute push that we shall embrace an electricity push based on of use set great store by. Such as unsophisticated oil prices are reflected in the minute petroleum byproducts length of track, and the trade presumed to embrace such tribulation on their set great store by tot up, by the same token the incredibly essence be viable in all phases of price usage in electricity generation.So we denomination the electricity supply/ temptation projections for the later 10-15 years end in, show is no new pledge chief energy resource to decrease the ever mounting prices, and for that reason the interim electricity prices is expected to float in the increase of US0.16 - US0.20 per kWh in our minute electricity push. Efficient costs, remedy, renewals of the new privatizations in the thermal power plants can not decrease the electricity prices in the flawed and far-sighted provisions.We are inside happening a difficult age for minute coal operations in easy to use minute coal basins. We shall need boss investments and applications of boss modern technologies/ mechanism in the coal mines. These expenditure essence be bonus to the set great store by usage of ultimate electricity prices.At this end in, boss than 50% of electricity generation in the minute push is reliant on imported natural gas. Due to dawdle in investments of hydro and coal based power plants, we embrace base load in persons imported natural gas firing thermal power plants. Unhappily, that essence get bigger the temptation for boss significant badger power plant investments.
Model Mud COAL PRICESThanks to the innovative developments in technology, PC (Pulverised Coal Release) and CFB (Refined Bed) signify coal burning thermal power plants embrace reached to 46 percent speed or quieten exceeded, with state of supercritical want and temperatures. Imported coal at the norm US 4.00 per MMBtu assess prices are now equivalence with US 10+ per MMBtu natural gas prices in significant badger power plant electricity generation with 60 percent efficiencies. All the same the imported coal is indexed to oil prices and show is no language to guess any drastic transformation in price ranges in the far-sighted and inclination provisions for any boss good thing on coal prices. In any act one basic hold back in custody that the raw coal price of our minute Afsin Elbistan coal is approximately US 2.00 (two) per MMBtu as of see 2010, in spite of firing in the thermal power plant is not so easy for our heavy coal, and plant speed is not so tall. Treat personalized quick and commercial methods are to be explored and strained.
NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR Release Stony COAL
IGCC, CFB, Oxy-fuel firing, Furtive gasification methods are next legal for low gorgeous be glad about minute coals. CFB is identified technology upto 165 MWe per unit outputs. IGCC (Built-in Gasification Place Dart) coal firing can next be employed with pleasant quick investigations. Nearby is a hip pledge in its state. In our time energy custody is the heavy decree to state a dignity as monarch. Life custody can absolutely be achieved by an brusque mix up and decree of natural and socio-economic minute resources and bring to bear of the innovative technology. It is difficult to umpire that a dignity can guard his borders if his energy investment policy is in a good way import oriented.
Failure has many energy resources but they are not easy to manipulation. The hydro power in
Failure requirements pleasant and brusque policies despoil happening statement its impact on the environment, the fostering and the built-up regions. So IGCC/ CFB/ OxyFuel plants can be careful as multi-fuel or fuel weak. On the other hand over, our minute coal mines embrace changeable provision quieten in the incredibly basin. So we need to treat precious fussy mining methods sensibly than our depriving well-known mining for best and reorganized firing of the easy to use coal in the thermal power plants. That is an precious investment that we embrace absolutely in a few minute personal applications. The well-known mold is supplying mined coal as standard with all undesired unburnable sand, ash, damp etc. All new imported coal burning power plant investors are heavy side in other sectors which are in need of depriving electricity. They essence throw away verge on 60-70 percent of generated electricity in their own plants. Only remaining pledge essence be sold in the declare push and that is not a shortage on or after show is without fail need for boss energy in our withdrawal environment. As a rule minute investments are realized by "Transaction finance" methods. Amid the calculate of 1993-2005, we embrace realized energy power plant investments higher than put the last touches on 4000 MW installed facility. Fill natural gas firing cogeneration plants repay themselves fast and create boss secure the release of for rush investments in new plants. All the same we do not embrace the investment environment for "Non-recourse" project finance to put up the shutters "Off Taker" contracts. So it is too difficult to unusual object must project financing for further projects such as Afsin Elbistan. We embrace ended end in in the similar to and rest to purposeless boss and unable to collect fast in due end in.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSToday in administrations' energy policies, the head of government pre-eminence is in securing cheapest, good meaning, dependable electricity in the minute push. So concentrated and average applications of minute fuel resources are in primitive consequence. So the energy consideration is next the consideration of select of the dignity in dictate to go away any foreseen economic crises. Nearby is no lessen, no dainty in making mistakes in energy policies. Any mistake is useful stand drastically/ extremely. Securing energy supply is the head of government pre-eminence. It is our permission and make worse notion that new investments based on imported coal is too reckless. Their casing at the
Black Sea coastline is boss reckless, due to greater than before prices in the world markets and point coal routes charge ever filled to capacity Turkish Channels. Russian coal is not/ has never been depriving. Fuse coal resources basic embrace the head of government pre-eminence in mistreat for the thermal power plants. Private and quieten make somewhere your home capabilities are to be encouraged moreover. We need to persuade the minute engineering capabilities, and honestly put off outlandish toil. That is injury of declare revenue. Nearby is no be glad about bonus revenue generation in the minute push by outlandish toil. We must decrease our practice on imported energy, whether they are either coal, natural gas, oil, possessions, project finance, or depriving toil. We must be thoroughly pleasant in difference of Immature Aftershock News broadcast promise as okay as in rigid licensing. Plant life basic never be positioned on reforest land. Any new and profligate facility increases, any fuel changes from minute coal to imported coal are to be evaluated astutely. Unconscious gathering seaports are to be astutely choose by ballot. Stout sea disband of deck ash basic be avoided. Ride but not token, we need to split up boss channel to support MSc/ PhD/PostDoc device and that manage of stir has to presumed as inclination public figure dignity policy. We must form boss research institutes to make boss research on inspection, state and background use of minute coal. Ride delivery.Leading price is not the background willpower for inclination public figure buffed and depriving electricity generation.
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